Proposal to Administration

The self-management of type 2 Diabetes (T2D) includes numerous approaches and strategies. A peer-reviewed research by Powers et al. (2020) showed that actions and strategies used by healthcare providers, nurses, and stakeholders to control and treat diabetes are self-management of type 2 diabetes. Patients and other people in the U.S. should be aware of the self-management of this disease because it is one of the major diseases in the U.S. (Heise et al., 2022). This presentation will focus on different strategies used in the self-management of diabetes by healthcare providers such as testing blood sugar levels, and developing and helping patients follow a regular exercise routine and meal plan (Hermanns et al., 2020). This study explains the importance of the need to monitor the results of type 2 diabetes to improve patient care. 

Why and How to Measure for a Specific Quality Outcome 

According to CDC (2024), 500 million individuals have diabetes in America which highlights the need for organizing diabetes self-management education campaigns to help diabetic patients learn self-management skills to control diabetes. One program is DSMES which provides patients with diabetes educational resources and learning support to help them manage diabetes (Hadjiconstantinou et al., 2021). Educational campaigns will help community members to learn and adopt self-management skills. To reduce the risk of adverse conditions that can occur due to high or low blood sugar levels, the Chronic Disease Management System (CDMS) program helps people manage their glucose levels (Lear et al., 2021). These prevention techniques can be beneficial in improving patients’ health and reducing healthcare costs in hospitals. Furthermore, the outcome measures serve as standards to set a baseline for the patient’s condition. 

Benchmarks Associated with that Outcome

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the benchmark of below 7% is the acceptance rate of most people with type 2 diabetes in the U.S. (Wildey, 2023). Based on the efficacy of medications, the focus is on helping patients reduce their weight by 15% to control diabetes. Furthermore, due to poor care quality in hospitals, the mortality rate of patients with diabetes is 5% (Andersson et al., 2020). 

Evaluate Data Measures and Data Trending 

For the evaluation of this particular service, the following data measures and trends need to be considered. The available evidence gives the following data:

•  Patients early death 
• Patients short life span
• 25% is the readmission rate of patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.S.
• The chances of disease occurrence increase when the education and awareness of the disease are low.
• People aware of type 2 diabetes have lower risks of developing it.
• Hispanic and black Americans are at high risk of having type 2 diabetes as compared to other populations.  

Interpretation of the Data related to the Benchmarks 

Over the past 40 years, cases of type 2 diabetes have increased in Western countries. Unfortunately, the current decade has not decreased this trend. However, it has been decreased in some young adults and teenagers in the recent years (Khan et al., 2020). This data provides evidence that younger people are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes in a decade. People can identify type 2 diabetes by accessing blood sugar levels. The optimum level of blood sugar is below 140mg/dL and a higher level shows a high blood sugar level and is reduced if it is below 140mg/dL. So if the blood sugar level of a person goes beyond 140 to 200mg/dL, it means that the person is most likely to develop type 2 diabetes (PMC, 2020). It is important to develop and implement self-management programs for diabetes to reduce hospitalization rates.  

Data Spreadsheet 

World Health Organization (WHO) states that diabetes type 2 is a global healthcare challenge for healthcare providers (WHO, 2023). The percentage of young adults with diabetes increased from 4.7 to 8.5% between the 1980s and 2015. It is important to add the following data and statistics of type 2 diabetes in the datasheet according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Since 2019, the death rate due to diabetes has been around 87,647 in the United States because it is the seventh mortality cause (Herman et al., 2023). Educational and racial preferences and issues play an important role in developing diabetes. That is why, the datasheet below shows fluctuating rates of diabetes in multiple races of America based on their educational preferences. 

Conclusion 

The above-mentioned data and statistics on self-management of type 2 diabetes in the United States show a strong relationship between people’s educational levels and diabetes. To reduce the prevalence of diabetes, self-management changes are necessary for both patients and nurses. The above data also provides evidence that the risk of type 2 diabetes is increasing in the United States and other countries due to racial and educational issues.

References

Andersson, E., Persson, S., Hallén, N., Ericsson, Å., Thielke, D., Lindgren, P., Steen Carlsson, K., & Jendle, J. (2020). Costs of diabetes complications: Hospital-based care and absence from work for 392,200 people with type 2 diabetes and matched control participants in Sweden. Diabetologia, 63(12), 2582–2594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05277-3 

CDC. (2024). National diabetes statistics report. Diabetes. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html 

Khan, M. A., Hashim, M. J., King, J., Govender, R. D., Mustafa, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2020). Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 10(1), 107–111. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32175717/ 

Lear, S. A., Norena, M., Banner, D., Whitehurst, D. G. T., Gill, S., Burns, J., Kandola, D. K., Johnston, S., Horvat, D., Vincent, K., Levin, A., Kaan, A., Van Spall, H. G. C., & Singer, J. (2021). Assessment of an interactive digital health–based self-management program to reduce hospitalizations among patients with multiple chronic diseases. JAMA Network Open, 4(12), e2140591. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40591 

Hadjiconstantinou, M., Quinn, L. M., Tippins, F., Schreder, S., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2021). A perspective piece on diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) programmes for under-represented groups with T2DM in the UK. British Journal of Diabetes, 21(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.15277/bjd.2021.278 

Heise, M., Heidemann, C., Baumert, J., Du, Y., Frese, T., Avetisyan, M., & Weise, S. (2022). Structured diabetes self-management education and its association with perceived diabetes knowledge, information, and disease distress: Results of a nationwide population-based study. Primary Care Diabetes, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2022.03.016 

Hermanns, N., Ehrmann, D., Finke‐Groene, K., & Kulzer, B. (2020). Trends in diabetes self‐management education: Where are we coming from and where are we going? A narrative review. Diabetic Medicine, 37(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14256 

PMC, E. (2020). Blood Glucose Monitoring. Europepmc.org. https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk555976 

Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J. K., Cypress, M., Funnell, M. M., Harms, D., Hess-Fischl, A., Hooks, B., Isaacs, D., Mandel, E. D., Maryniuk, M. D., Norton, A., Rinker, J., Siminerio, L. M., & Uelmen, S. (2020). Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: A consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of diabetes care & education specialists, the academy of nutrition and dietetics, the American academy of family physicians, the American academy of pas, the American association of nurse practitioners, and the American pharmacists association. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 60(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.04.018 

Wildey, C. A. (2023). Diabetes Education Benchmark Study. Scholar Works at UT Tyler. https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/nursing_msn/243/ 

WHO. (2023, April 5). Diabetes. World Health Organisation; WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes